Backyard gardening in Canada offers a unique and rewarding experience for gardeners of all levels. The diverse climates across the country—from the mild, coastal regions of British Columbia to the frigid expanses of the Yukon—present both challenges and opportunities for cultivating a successful garden. Whether you’re in a bustling city or a quiet rural area, backyard gardening in Canada can provide fresh, home-grown produce and a healthy outdoor activity for the whole family.
One of the most compelling reasons to start backyard gardening in Canada is the ability to grow your own food. There’s something profoundly satisfying about picking a ripe tomato or crisp lettuce from your garden and knowing exactly how it was grown. This sense of self-sufficiency is not only gratifying but also encourages healthier eating habits. Home-grown vegetables tend to be fresher and more nutritious than store-bought ones, which often have to travel long distances before reaching your plate.
Backyard gardening in Canada also allows you to customize your garden to suit your specific needs and preferences. Want to grow organic produce? You have complete control over what goes into your soil and onto your plants. This means you can avoid synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, opting instead for organic alternatives that promote a healthier garden ecosystem. Additionally, you can experiment with a variety of plants that thrive in your local climate, from hardy root vegetables to delicate herbs and flowers.
The environmental benefits of backyard gardening in Canada are significant as well. By growing your own food, you reduce your carbon footprint associated with transporting produce from farm to table. Gardens also help mitigate urban heat islands, improve air quality, and support local biodiversity by providing habitats for pollinators like bees and butterflies. In urban areas, green spaces can reduce noise pollution and create more pleasant microclimates.
Starting a backyard garden in Canada is accessible even for beginners. The key is to start small and expand as you gain confidence and experience. Raised beds are a popular choice because they make the garden more manageable and can be filled with a high-quality soil mix, ensuring a better start for your plants. Vertical gardening techniques can also maximize space, making it possible to grow a variety of crops even in smaller backyards.
The educational aspect of backyard gardening in Canada cannot be overlooked. Gardening teaches valuable lessons about the natural world, including the life cycles of plants, the importance of soil health, and the intricacies of ecosystems. It’s an excellent way to engage children in outdoor activities and teach them about where their food comes from. This hands-on learning experience can foster a lifelong appreciation for nature and sustainable living.
Community support is another advantage of backyard gardening in Canada. Many cities and towns have local gardening clubs and community gardens where you can share tips, swap seeds, and gain inspiration from fellow gardeners. Online resources and social media groups also offer a wealth of information and support, making it easier than ever to get started and stay motivated.
1. Planning Your Garden
Choosing the Right Location
The first step in planning your backyard garden is selecting the right location. Consider the following factors:
- Sunlight: Most vegetables and fruits need at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Observe your yard throughout the day to identify the sunniest spots.
- Water Access: Ensure your garden is close to a water source to make irrigation easier. This can be a garden hose or a rain barrel.
- Soil Quality: Test your soil to determine its pH and nutrient levels. Canadian soils can vary widely, so knowing your soil type will help you amend it appropriately.
- Wind Protection: Strong winds can damage plants. Choose a location sheltered by structures, fences, or natural windbreaks.
Avoiding Competition
Avoid planting too close to large trees or shrubs. Their roots can compete with your garden plants for nutrients and water, and their shade can reduce the amount of sunlight your garden receives.
Garden Layout and Design
Raised Beds vs. Ground Beds
Raised beds are highly recommended for backyard gardening in Canada. They offer several advantages:
- Improved Drainage: Raised beds prevent waterlogging, which is particularly beneficial in regions with heavy rainfall.
- Better Soil Control: You can fill raised beds with high-quality soil, tailored to the needs of your plants.
- Ease of Access: Raised beds reduce the need to bend over, making gardening easier on your back and knees.
Designing Your Garden Layout
When designing your garden layout, consider the following principles:
- Intensive Planting: This involves planting crops closer together than traditional row planting. Intensive planting maximizes space, reduces weeds, and helps retain soil moisture.
- Vertical Gardening: Use trellises, cages, and stakes to grow vining plants like tomatoes, cucumbers, and beans vertically. This saves space and improves air circulation around the plants, reducing the risk of disease.
- Companion Planting: Plant complementary crops together to enhance growth and deter pests. For example, basil can repel pests from tomatoes, and marigolds can deter nematodes.
Creating Pathways
Plan for pathways between beds to access your plants easily. Paths should be wide enough to accommodate a wheelbarrow or garden cart, typically 18-24 inches. Mulch or pave these paths to prevent weeds and mud.
2. Soil Preparation for Backyard Gardening in Canada
Proper soil preparation is crucial for successful backyard gardening in Canada, given the country’s diverse climates and soil types. Here’s how to prepare your soil to ensure a healthy and productive garden.
Testing and Assessing Soil
Soil Testing: The first step in soil preparation is testing. Use a soil test kit or send a sample to a local agricultural extension service to determine the [pH level] and nutrient content of your soil. This will help you understand what amendments are needed to optimize growing conditions.
Assessing Soil Texture: Determine the texture of your soil—whether it is sandy, clay, or loamy. Loamy soil is ideal for gardening as it retains moisture while providing good drainage and aeration. Sandy soil drains quickly but may need organic matter to improve water retention, while clay soil retains water but may require sand and organic matter to enhance drainage.
Amending the Soil
Organic Matter: Adding organic matter is vital for improving soil fertility and structure. Compost is the best option as it provides essential nutrients and improves soil aeration and moisture retention. Spread a 2-4 inch layer of compost over your garden area and mix it into the top 6-12 inches of soil.
Manure: Well-rotted manure is another excellent organic amendment. It enriches the soil with nutrients and beneficial microorganisms. Ensure the manure is well-composted to avoid burning plant roots.
Other Amendments: Depending on your soil test results, you may need additional amendments such as lime to raise the pH of acidic soil, sulfur to lower the pH of alkaline soil, and rock phosphate or bone meal to add phosphorus.
Building Raised Beds
Raised beds are highly beneficial for backyard gardening in Canada. They allow you to control the soil quality and provide better drainage, especially in areas with heavy rainfall or poor native soil.
Materials: Use untreated wood, stone, or recycled materials to build your raised beds. Avoid pressure-treated wood as it can leach harmful chemicals into the soil.
Filling the Beds: Fill raised beds with a mix of topsoil, compost, and other organic amendments. A common ratio is 60% topsoil, 30% compost, and 10% other organic matter like peat moss or perlite. This mix ensures a well-draining, nutrient-rich growing medium.
Mulching
Benefits of Mulch: Mulching helps conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds, regulate soil temperature, and add organic matter as it decomposes. Apply a 2-4 inch layer of organic mulch such as straw, shredded leaves, or wood chips around your plants, avoiding direct contact with plant stems.
Timing: Mulch in late spring after the soil has warmed up, or in the fall to protect the soil over winter.
Avoiding Soil Compaction
Soil compaction reduces aeration and root penetration. Avoid walking on garden beds and use designated paths to access your plants. Raised beds help prevent compaction by clearly defining areas for walking and planting.
3. Choosing What to Grow for Backyard Gardening in Canada
Selecting the right plants is crucial for successful backyard gardening in Canada, where diverse climates and short growing seasons present unique challenges. Here’s a guide to help you choose the best vegetables and fruits for your garden.
Understanding Your Climate
Canada’s climate varies widely, so understanding your local conditions is key. Refer to the Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada to determine which plants will thrive in your area. Generally, the southern regions have longer growing seasons, while northern areas require cold-tolerant and fast-maturing crops.
Cool-Season Crops
Cool-season vegetables thrive in cooler temperatures and can be planted in early spring or late summer for a fall harvest. Some great options include:
- Peas: Peas are easy to grow and can be planted as soon as the soil can be worked in the spring.
- Lettuce: Ideal for early spring or fall, lettuce varieties such as romaine, butterhead, and leaf lettuce grow quickly and tolerate cool weather.
- Spinach: Spinach grows well in cool temperatures and can be harvested multiple times.
- Radishes: Radishes are fast-growing and can be harvested in about a month, making them perfect for successive planting.
Warm-Season Crops
Warm-season vegetables need higher temperatures and should be planted after the last frost. Popular warm-season crops for backyard gardening in Canada include:
- Tomatoes: Choose varieties suited to your region’s growing season. Consider starting seeds indoors or purchasing transplants.
- Peppers: Both sweet and hot peppers do well in warm temperatures. Start seeds indoors to get a head start.
- Cucumbers: These require warm soil and can be grown on trellises to save space.
- Beans: Bush beans and pole beans are excellent choices. They thrive in warm weather and produce abundant yields.
Perennial Vegetables and Fruits
Incorporating perennials into your garden can provide harvests year after year with less effort. Consider the following:
- Asparagus: Once established, asparagus beds can produce for 20 years or more. Plant crowns in well-drained soil.
- Rhubarb: Rhubarb is hardy and easy to grow. It prefers cool climates and well-drained soil.
- Berries: Strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries are excellent choices. They require some maintenance but provide delicious fruit for many years.
Companion Planting
Companion planting can enhance growth and deter pests. Some effective combinations include:
- Tomatoes and Basil: Basil repels harmful insects and can improve tomato flavor.
- Carrots and Onions: Onions deter carrot flies, and carrots help aerate the soil for onions.
- Corn, Beans, and Squash: Known as the “Three Sisters,” these plants support each other’s growth.
Crop Rotation
Rotate your crops each year to prevent soil depletion and reduce pest and disease buildup. Avoid planting the same family of vegetables in the same spot more than once every three years.
Experiment and Enjoy
Gardening is as much about experimentation as it is about following rules. Try new varieties and techniques to see what works best in your backyard. Engage with local gardening communities to share experiences and get tips tailored to your specific region.
By carefully selecting a mix of cool-season, warm-season, and perennial crops, you can ensure a productive and enjoyable backyard gardening experience in Canada.
4. Planting and Maintenance for Backyard Gardening in Canada
Backyard gardening in Canada requires careful planting and diligent maintenance to ensure a productive and healthy garden. Here’s how to manage these crucial aspects effectively.
Starting Seeds Indoors
Why Start Indoors? Starting seeds indoors extends the growing season, especially important in regions with shorter summers.
Steps:
- Timing: Begin 4-6 weeks before the last expected frost date.
- Containers: Use seed trays or small pots with drainage holes.
- Soil: Fill containers with a seed-starting mix, which is lighter and drains well.
- Planting: Sow seeds according to the depth and spacing instructions on the packet.
- Light: Place trays in a sunny window or under grow lights for 12-16 hours daily.
- Watering: Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged.
Transplanting:
- Hardening Off: Gradually acclimate seedlings to outdoor conditions over a week by placing them outside for a few hours each day, increasing the time daily.
- Planting Out: Transplant seedlings after the danger of frost has passed. Dig holes larger than the root balls and water thoroughly after planting.
Direct Sowing
Timing: Direct sow seeds of cool-season crops in early spring and warm-season crops after the last frost.
Preparation:
- Soil: Loosen the soil to a depth of 12-18 inches and remove weeds.
- Planting: Sow seeds at the recommended depth and spacing.
- Watering: Water gently to avoid displacing seeds.
Watering
Deep and Infrequent: Water deeply and less frequently to encourage deep root growth. This helps plants withstand dry periods.
Morning Watering: Water in the early morning to reduce evaporation and allow foliage to dry, preventing disease.
Mulching: Apply a 2-4 inch layer of mulch to conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
Fertilizing
Organic Fertilizers: Use compost, manure, or organic fertilizers to provide essential nutrients.
Compost Tea: Brew compost tea by steeping compost in water. This liquid fertilizer can be applied to the soil or foliar-fed to plants.
Timing: Fertilize at planting time and periodically throughout the growing season based on plant needs.
Pruning and Pinching
Pruning: Remove dead or diseased plant parts to improve air circulation and reduce disease risk.
Pinching: Pinch back growing tips of plants like basil and tomatoes to encourage bushier growth and more fruit production.
Pest and Disease Control
Regular Inspection: Check plants regularly for signs of pests or disease.
Natural Remedies: Use neem oil, insecticidal soap, or homemade sprays to manage pests organically.
Beneficial Insects: Encourage natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings to control pest populations.
Harvesting
Timing: Harvest vegetables at their peak for the best flavor and nutritional value.
Technique: Use clean, sharp tools to avoid damaging plants. For continuous harvest, pick vegetables like beans and cucumbers regularly to encourage more production.
Record-Keeping
Garden Journal: Keep detailed records of planting dates, varieties, weather conditions, and pest issues. This helps in planning future gardens and improving practices based on past experiences.
By following these planting and maintenance guidelines, you can ensure a successful and bountiful backyard garden in Canada. Proper planning, diligent care, and timely interventions are key to enjoying a productive gardening season.
5. Pest and Disease Management for Backyard Gardening in Canada
Effective pest and disease management is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive backyard garden in Canada. Here are strategies to keep your garden thriving without relying on harmful chemicals.
Preventative Measures
Healthy Soil: Start with healthy soil, rich in organic matter. Healthy plants grown in nutrient-rich soil are more resistant to pests and diseases. Regularly amend your soil with compost and organic matter to maintain its fertility and structure.
Crop Rotation: Rotate your crops each year to prevent the buildup of pests and diseases in the soil. Avoid planting the same family of vegetables in the same spot more than once every three years.
Companion Planting: Use companion planting to naturally repel pests. For example, planting basil with tomatoes can deter insects, while marigolds can keep nematodes at bay.
Cleanliness: Keep your garden clean. Remove weeds, debris, and diseased plants promptly to reduce hiding spots and breeding grounds for pests.
Natural Pest Control
Beneficial Insects: Attract beneficial insects like ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory beetles to your garden. These insects feed on common pests such as aphids, caterpillars, and mites. Planting flowers like marigolds, dill, and fennel can attract these helpful insects.
Neem Oil: Neem oil is a natural pesticide that can control a variety of pests. It disrupts the life cycle of insects, preventing them from feeding and reproducing. Spray neem oil on affected plants, ensuring thorough coverage.
Insecticidal Soap: Insecticidal soap is effective against soft-bodied insects like aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. It works by breaking down the insect’s outer shell, causing them to dehydrate. Apply it directly to the pests, making sure to cover all parts of the plant.
Diatomaceous Earth: This natural powder can be sprinkled around plants to deter slugs, snails, and other crawling insects. It works by damaging their exoskeletons, leading to dehydration.
Garlic and Chili Spray: Make a homemade pest spray using garlic and chili peppers. Blend them with water, strain the mixture, and spray it on your plants to repel insects.
Disease Management
Resistant Varieties: Choose disease-resistant plant varieties whenever possible. Many seed catalogs and nurseries label plants that are resistant to common diseases.
Proper Spacing: Space plants adequately to ensure good air circulation, which helps prevent fungal diseases. Overcrowded plants are more susceptible to infections.
Watering Practices: Water at the base of plants rather than overhead to keep foliage dry. Wet leaves can lead to fungal diseases like powdery mildew and blight. Water early in the day to allow any moisture on the leaves to dry quickly.
Pruning: Regularly prune your plants to remove dead or diseased leaves and branches. This helps improve air circulation and reduce the spread of disease.
Mulching: Use mulch to prevent soil-borne diseases from splashing onto plants during watering or rain. Organic mulches like straw or wood chips also help retain soil moisture and suppress weeds.
Monitoring and Early Intervention
Regular Inspections: Inspect your plants regularly for signs of pests or disease. Early detection allows for prompt action, reducing the likelihood of severe infestations or infections.
Handpicking: For larger pests like caterpillars, beetles, and slugs, handpicking is an effective method. Remove and dispose of pests you find on your plants.
Row Covers: Use row covers to protect young plants from pests. These lightweight fabrics allow light and water to penetrate while keeping insects out.
6. Harvesting and Storage
Proper harvesting and storage techniques are essential to maximize the yield and longevity of your backyard garden produce in Canada. Here’s how to ensure you get the most out of your harvest.
Harvesting Tips
Timing is Everything
- Optimal Ripeness: Harvest vegetables at their peak ripeness for the best flavor and nutritional value. Overripe produce can become tough, bitter, or prone to disease.
- Morning Harvest: Pick vegetables in the early morning when they are cool and hydrated, especially leafy greens, to maintain their crispness.
Harvesting Techniques
- Gentle Handling: Use clean, sharp scissors or pruners to avoid damaging plants. Handle fruits and vegetables gently to prevent bruising.
- Frequent Harvesting: Regularly harvest crops like beans, peas, zucchini, and cucumbers to encourage continued production.
Specific Harvesting Tips
- Leafy Greens: Harvest outer leaves of crops like lettuce and spinach while allowing inner leaves to continue growing.
- Root Vegetables: Carrots, beets, and radishes should be gently loosened with a garden fork before being pulled out to avoid breaking.
- Tomatoes and Peppers: Harvest when they are fully colored. Twist gently to avoid damaging the plant.
Storage Techniques
Short-Term Storage
- Refrigeration: Store most vegetables in the refrigerator. Leafy greens, carrots, and peppers stay fresh longer when kept cool.
- Humidity Control: Use perforated plastic bags or containers with moisture vents to maintain humidity levels and prevent wilting.
- Counter Storage: Tomatoes and onions can be stored at room temperature until fully ripe. Keep them out of direct sunlight.
Long-Term Storage
- Curing: Cure vegetables like onions, garlic, and potatoes in a warm, dry, and dark place for a few weeks to toughen their skins. This extends their storage life.
- Root Cellaring: Store root vegetables such as carrots, beets, and parsnips in a cool, humid environment like a basement or root cellar. Pack them in sand or sawdust to prevent drying out.
- Freezing: Blanch vegetables like beans, peas, and spinach before freezing to preserve their color, texture, and nutritional value. Store in airtight containers or freezer bags.
- Canning and Pickling: Preserve produce like tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers through canning or pickling. Follow safe canning guidelines to prevent spoilage.
- Drying: Herbs and certain vegetables like peppers can be dried and stored in airtight containers. This method is great for long-term storage and adds flavor to meals year-round.
Special Considerations
Herbs
- Drying: Hang herbs like basil, oregano, and thyme in a cool, dark place to dry. Once dried, store them in airtight containers.
- Freezing: Chop herbs and freeze them in ice cube trays with a little water or oil. This preserves their flavor for use in cooking.
Fruits
- Berries: Refrigerate or freeze immediately after harvest. Freeze on a tray first, then transfer to containers to prevent clumping.
- Apples and Pears: Store in a cool, humid place. Check regularly for signs of spoilage and use any damaged fruits first.
Record Keeping
Garden Journal
- Harvest Dates: Record when you harvest each type of crop to track their peak production times.
- Storage Duration: Note how long different vegetables last in storage to plan future planting and harvesting schedules better.
By following these harvesting and storage techniques, you can enjoy the fruits (and vegetables) of your backyard gardening in Canada long after the growing season has ended. Proper handling and storage ensure that your hard work pays off, providing fresh and nutritious produce year-round.
7. Seasonal Gardening Tips
Successful backyard gardening in Canada requires adapting to the changing seasons. Each season presents unique challenges and opportunities for your garden. Here’s how to manage your garden year-round.
Spring
Preparation and Planting
- Soil Preparation: As the ground thaws, begin by cleaning up your garden beds, removing debris, and adding compost to enrich the soil.
- Seed Starting: Start seeds indoors for warm-season crops like tomatoes and peppers. This gives them a head start before the last frost.
- Cool-Season Crops: Directly sow seeds for cool-season crops such as peas, lettuce, spinach, and radishes. These plants thrive in the cooler temperatures of early spring.
- Transplanting: Gradually harden off indoor seedlings by exposing them to outdoor conditions before transplanting them into the garden after the last frost.
Summer
Growth and Maintenance
- Watering: Water deeply and regularly, especially during dry spells. Early morning watering reduces evaporation and keeps plants hydrated throughout the day.
- Mulching: Apply mulch to conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
- Weeding: Keep on top of weeds by pulling them regularly. Mulch also helps minimize weed growth.
- Pest Control: Monitor plants for pests and use organic methods like neem oil, insecticidal soap, or hand-picking to manage infestations.
- Supporting Plants: Use stakes, cages, or trellises for vining plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and beans to keep them off the ground and improve air circulation.
Fall
Harvesting and Preparing for Winter
- Harvesting: Continue harvesting crops regularly. Root vegetables like carrots, beets, and potatoes should be harvested before the first hard frost.
- Planting Fall Crops: Sow seeds for cool-season crops like kale, spinach, and radishes for a late-season harvest.
- Cover Crops: Plant cover crops such as clover or rye to protect and enrich the soil over winter.
- Clean-Up: Remove spent plants and debris to reduce disease risk and prepare the garden for winter.
- Mulching: Apply a thick layer of mulch to protect perennials and maintain soil structure.
Winter
Planning and Preparation
- Planning Next Year’s Garden: Use this downtime to plan your garden layout and crop rotation for the upcoming year. Reflect on what worked and what didn’t from the previous season.
- Tool Maintenance: Clean, sharpen, and repair garden tools to ensure they’re ready for spring.
- Starting Seeds Indoors: Depending on your region and the specific plants, you might start seeds indoors for early spring planting.
- Protecting Perennials: Mulch and cover perennial plants to protect them from extreme cold and frost.
Indoor Gardening: Consider growing herbs and small vegetables indoors under grow lights to enjoy fresh produce throughout the winter months.
8. Community and Resources
Engaging with the gardening community and utilizing available resources can significantly enhance your backyard gardening experience in Canada. Here’s how to leverage these valuable assets.
Joining Local Gardening Communities
Benefits of Community Involvement
- Knowledge Sharing: Connect with experienced gardeners to share tips, techniques, and solutions to common gardening problems.
- Support: Local gardening communities provide emotional support and motivation, helping you stay committed to your gardening goals.
- Resource Sharing: Swap seeds, plants, and gardening tools, which can save money and increase the diversity of your garden.
Community Gardens
- Access to Space: If you have limited space at home, community gardens offer plots where you can grow your vegetables and flowers.
- Networking Opportunities: Meet fellow gardeners, learn from their experiences, and participate in community events and workshops.
- Local Initiatives: Many cities have community garden programs supported by municipal governments or non-profit organizations. Check with your local city hall or community center for information on joining or starting a community garden.
Online Gardening Resources
Websites and Blogs
- AiFarming Blogs: AiFarming presents detailed blogs that talk about all aspects of farming.
- Canadian Botanical Conservation Network: Offers extensive information on plant conservation and gardening practices suitable for Canadian climates.
- Compost Council of Canada: Provides resources on composting, soil health, and sustainable gardening practices.
- Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada: Use this tool to determine which plants are best suited for your local climate.
Social Media and Forums
- Facebook Groups: Join groups like “Canadian Gardening” or “Backyard Gardeners of Canada” to connect with other gardeners, ask questions, and share your progress.
- Reddit: Subreddits like r/gardening and r/canadagardening are great for discussing gardening topics, seeking advice, and sharing experiences.
- Instagram: Follow Canadian gardening influencers and hashtags to get inspiration and tips. Look for hashtags like #CanadianGardener and #BackyardGardeningCanada.
Educational Platforms
- YouTube: Channels like “Garden Answer” and “Epic Gardening” offer tutorials and advice on various gardening topics. Search for Canadian-specific channels to get advice tailored to your climate.
- Online Courses: Platforms like Coursera and Udemy offer gardening courses that cover topics from basic gardening skills to advanced techniques.
Local Resources
Extension Services
- Agricultural Extension Services: Many provinces have extension services that provide free or low-cost gardening advice, soil testing, and workshops. Check with your provincial government or local university.
- Master Gardener Programs: These programs train volunteers to provide free gardening advice and support to the community. Look for a Master Gardener program in your area to get involved or seek advice.
Libraries and Bookstores
- Gardening Books: Your local library or bookstore will have a wealth of books on gardening, including guides specifically for Canadian climates.
- Workshops and Events: Libraries often host gardening workshops and events where you can learn new skills and meet fellow gardeners.
Nurseries and Garden Centers
- Local Expertise: Staff at local nurseries and garden centers can provide advice on plant selection, soil amendments, and pest control specific to your region.
- Workshops and Classes: Many nurseries offer workshops and classes on various gardening topics. Check their websites or visit in person to see what’s available.
Join Local Gardening Groups
- Knowledge Sharing: Participate in community gardens and connect with local gardeners to share knowledge and resources.
Backyard gardening in Canada is a fulfilling endeavor that yields fresh produce and promotes a healthier lifestyle. By following these steps, you can create a productive and beautiful garden tailored to your local climate. Happy gardening!
